Society and Politics
Streszczenia artykulów
No. 4(77)/2023
Justyna Berniak-Woźny
Tischner European University
Marlena Plebańska
Vistula University
Breaking Stereotypes: Exploring Gender Dynamics in Perceived Future Skills and Digital Competence
Summary
The digital revolution is reshaping the Polish workplace, necessitating new skill sets from future professionals. However, gender disparities in future digital skills can perpetuate inequalities in the workforce. This study investigates the gender gap in Polish university students' perceptions of their digital competencies and future skills preparedness. Drawing on data from a survey of 755 students across diverse faculties, study modes, and employment types, the research explores how gender impacts students' self-assessment by addressing two questions: Do men and women differ in their awareness of the skills demanded by the future job market? Are there differences in how men and women view their proficiency in their own future skills and digital competencies? Through analyzing these factors, the study aims to define the gender gap in digital competencies and future skills perception among Polish university students and develop recommendations for educational institutions and policymakers to ensure equitable access to future-proof skills for all students. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how gender shapes preparation for the digital workplace, informing strategies to promote inclusivity and equip all students with the skills needed to thrive in the evolving Polish economy.
Keywords: digital skills, gender gap, future of work, Polish students, higher education, digital transformation.
JEL Codes: I23, J24, O33
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a01
Elżbieta Szymańska
Politechnika Białostocka
Elżbieta Jędrych
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Artificial intelligence in the tourism business – an opportunity or a threat?
Assumptions for research
Summary
The research problem is the use of artificial intelligence in the activities of tourism enterprises. Artificial intelligence is a great mystery, and its use is controversial. Therefore, the aim of the presented research is to prepare assumptions and develop a research methodology to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of the use of artificial intelligence in the tourism business. The selection of optimal methods and tools was made based on a literature review and using thought sequences according to the mapping concept used and recommended by Leonardo Da Vinci. As a result of these investigations, the brainstorming method was selected, and the optimal group of respondents who will take part in the planned research are students who meet the established selection criteria. The article is methodological and conceptual in nature and fits into the scientific discipline of management and quality science.
Keywords: innovation, artificial intelligence, tourism business, mapping method.
JEL Codes: O31, B40
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a02
Izabela Gruszka
Wrocławska Akademia Biznesu w Naukach Stosowanych
Iryna Manczak
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie
Tourism innovation in the era of economy 5.0 in Poland - expert perspective
Summary
In recent years, socio-economic changes and crisis phenomena have presented organisations with new challenges, forcing them to look for ideas and solutions to compete effectively in the tourism market. Tourism operators must become more resilient to various economic phenomena, including implementing sustainable solutions and appropriate use of available technologies. These challenges, which form the basis for the development of Economy 5.0, necessitate the implementation of innovations that consider the economic transformations taking place and the needs of tourism operators. The presented considerations aim to identify tourism innovations that correspond to the assumptions of Economy 5.0. As part of the developed methodology, qualitative research was conducted with the participation of experts. The technique of virtual interviews was used. Experts from the tourism regions of Poland (Malopolska, Dolny Śląsk) and representing different types of tourism activities participated in the research. The results obtained indicate that, in the era of Economy 5.0, the entities covered by the analysis were implementing innovations aimed at harmonious development, increasing competitive advantage and strengthening the organisation's potential while respecting the needs and expectations of employees, local communities and the environment.
Keywords: Economy 5.0, innovation, expert interviews.
JEL Codes: L83, M38, O30, O38
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a03
Anna SABAT
Vistula University
Overview of shifts and transformations in the IT services industry in various nations since the COVID-19 pandemic
Summary
The IT services sector has undergone significant changes in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, the author will explore the dynamics of change in the IT services sector in selected countries from a post-COVID-19 perspective.
The article discusses the IT services sector and its growing role and significance in the global economy as well as in the service society that is emerging today. This article presents a detailed description of the dynamics at play in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The existing research has not yet given a clear answer to how the current pandemic may affect the dynamics of business development and growth in IT services. This article aims to illustrate how digital technology drives entrepreneurship and competitiveness in a post-COVID-19 world by means of examining IT Programming, Consultancy & Information services sector. During the research a relationship between the hard (things) and the soft (knowledge, trust) elements of management could be observed.
The research presented in this article was carried out using the Delphi approach and data analysis of available sources. It focused on the development of IT Programming, Consultancy & Information Services in the United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Poland, and Greece, but placed additional focus on economic projections to 2026.
This study shows the research gap has emerged which calls for the development of a more unified framework that incorporates multilayered aspects of change and development in business digitalization.
Keywords: IT services sector, super-automation, artificial intelligence, digitalization.
JEL Codes: D83
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a04
Elżbieta Kopciuszewska
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Barbara Bonisławska
Europejska Uczelnia w Warszawie
Analysis and assessment of trends in the implementation of innovative processes
Summary
The paper presents the essence of understanding the contemporary dynamics of the economic changes in the aspect of trends in innovative processes. The impact of the key market factors determining the success of the change process was identified. An analysis was made of the market share of innovative enterprises from the industry sector and income share of the revenues from the sale of new or improved products included in the total sales revenues. The analysis was performed for enterprises divided according to size of the enterprise defined by the employment volume. Trend analyzes were correlated with operating expenses for the innovative activities in the national economy. The analysis of the mentioned time series also covers the downturn period in the market, identified with the pandemic and military operations in Ukraine.
Keywords: economy downturn, trends of macroeconomic variables, innovative processes.
JEL Codes: 01
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a05
Andrzej Adamski
Sławomir Gawroński
Izabela Lenczowska
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
Social communication and media sciences: the actions of politicians and institutions versus the crystallization and integration of a scientific discipline
Summary
This article is interdisciplinary. Although it is directly related to the development of the scientific discipline Communication and media studies it raises issues related to the methodology of sciences and state science policy, among others. Its aim is to answer the question of what the shape and development of the discipline Communication and media studies looks like 12 years after its formal approval and 5 years after the inclusion of two new scientific disciplines in its area. The first part of the article discusses, reminds and organizes the methodological issues related to the formation of scientific fields and disciplines, taking into account the specifics of the Polish legal system. In the second part, the authors will analyze the issues related to the formation and results of elections to the Committee for Social Communication and Media Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The purpose of this analysis is to create a panorama of the research perspectives appropriate to the candidates and members of the Committee, as well as to assess which research centers and perspectives seem to dominate the debate on the shape of the discipline. According to the authors, the analysis of these data can provide indications of the venal changes associated with crystallization and integration processes within the community of researchers working in the communication and media studies.
Keywords: Communication and media studies, state science policy, methodology of science, scientific discipline, social communication.
JEL Codes: I28
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a06
Marcin Szewczyk
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
Summary
Patient questions - a shared view of the world in a moment of uncertainty
The aim of the analysis is to confirm the effectiveness of the research tools used, to assess the journalist's rhetoric and to show the image of the world constructed through these statements in the time between the Polish parliamentary elections and the formation of the government in 2023. The questions asked by the journalist in a selected group of expert texts, realised in the form of interviews, were analysed. In the additional selection of the material and the analysis itself, the focus was on pragmatic linguistic elements, forced valuation, suggestive presuppositions and shared images of reality. The tool used to organise the data using a categorisation key was content analysis. The study confirmed the application of the research approach and the selected tools, and also confirmed the consistency and effectiveness of constructing the world picture through the journalistic questions themselves found in the interviews with the overall programme line of “Nasz Dziennik”.
Keywords: media, press, pragmatics, communication, persuasion.
JEL Codes: D83, L82, M31, Z13, Z12
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a07
Andrzej Adamski
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
Izabela Lenczowska
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
“TALES OF ANONYMOUS ROBOTS”. ABOUT THE ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION IN THE POST-TRUTH ERA
Summary
In an era of post-truth and digital technology, everyone participates in communication processes. The purpose of this text is to identify and articulate what research areas in the field of communication ethics in the dynamic development of newer and newer communication technologies. Case study examples are discussed in terms of the application of ethics with communication mechanisms.
Subjects covered include types of ethics, current communication trends, the impact of social media, its algorithms and the Internet on communications, troubles of identity and illusory anonymity on the Internet. Then the example of the “sprawa Kateryny” was presented. Further illustrated was the Theory of the dead Internet and the development of AI.
Finally, the conclusions of the collected analysis and the revised purpose of the article were summarized. The question was posed: To what extent do ethical principles and sanctions apply to the reality of communication through digital media? In order to fully answer the above question, the issue of Big Tech, Meta, which way the Internet and communication within it and real life are heading was addressed.
Keywords: media ethics, communication ethics, public relations, democracy, post-truth
JEL Codes: H75, I28
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a08
Yuliia Kilivnyk
Badaczka niezależna
Understanding cultural importance
Summary
The purpose of the article is to explore the theoretical aspects of culture and multiculturalism in organizations, and to present the determinants of managing multicultural teams. The article analyzes the concepts of culture and multiculturalism, and addresses contemporary challenges faced by managers leading multicultural teams. Creating a good and friendly atmosphere at work is one of the more important, yet difficult tasks for the management. The more culturally diverse a team of employees is, the more challenging it is to manage. It is not enough to know management techniques and industry and possess the relevant life experience. It is also essential to understand culture, including the norms, values, and customs presented by communities living in different cultural zones.
Key words: management, management strategy, culture, multiculturalism, managing culturally diverse teams.
JEL Codes: A13
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a09
Małgorzata Maliszewska
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Methods of Dispute Resolution Within Business Organizations
Summary
The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of various methods of dispute resolution between contracting parties. According to the hypothesis of the article, conflicts between contracting parties are functional in nature. Conflicts contribute to the reduction of litigation costs and allow the parties to continue their cooperation. The following research questions were posed in the article:
1. What is the nature of conflict between contracting parties?
2. Are different dispute resolution methods conducive to effective conflict resolution?
3. Do the available dispute resolution methods promote solidarity and innovative behavior among contracting parties?
The article presents the nature of a conflict based on divergent interests of the contracting parties. Special emphasis is placed on the inevitable need to analyze conflicts from the point of view of an innovative approach to their essence. This is because such an approach is likely to provide a number of benefits, including those resulting from the assessment of the advisability of further escalation or a change in the perception of the divergent positions of the parties. The article reviews the relevant academic literature and legal acts concerning the legal and economic phenomenon in question. It provides an overview of alternative dispute resolution methods to court litigation. Last but not least, the article points out that alternative dispute resolution methods are an inevitable business tool that needs to be put in place to confirm an innovative approach to conflict resolution.
Keywords: conflict, dispute, mediation, arbitration, compromise.
JEL Codes: K1, K2, K4
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a10
Adam Kupczyk
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Piotr F. Borowski
Vistula University
Application of interchange stations concept in achieving success in life
Summary
This interdisciplinary paper presents the concept of interchange stations as points in our lives when we may choose to change direction to achieve our goals, both professional and personal. How one decides which route to follow may depend on the influence of a role model, someone who either by design or by chance, with or without their knowledge, can inspire the choice made by the individual. The analysis has been prepared based on the authors’ considerations and extant literature review.
The competences associated with success in the current global environment are considered in light of the extant literature. These include entrepreneurship, creative thinking, determination and cultural expression.
The application of the interchange stations model is a novel way to illustrate the interaction of the elements within the mechanism of achieving success.
The results of the research will assist individuals, teams and organisations to pursue goals successfully and to be prepared for life and work in the modern world, which is unpredictable and ever-changing. In addition, this work highlights that the route to success is dynamic and not always straightforward, and that the influence of a role model is significant.
Keywords: success, role model, turning point, interchange station.
JEL Codes: M12, O15
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a11
Barbara Karlikowska
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Implementation of Corporal Social Responsibility principles is an opportunity for micro, small and medium enterprises for a better competitive position
Summary
Corporate Social Responsibility-is an increasingly popular topic in the micro, small and medium-sized enterprise sector. Among the factors for which companies engage in CSR prevail the desire to enhance the image of the organization, gain the trust and commitment of employees, gain an advantage over the competition, or improve relations with the local community.
The purpose of the article is to point out the importance of corporate social responsibility for SMEs and the enormous amount of work that needs to be done in the coming time, so that all entrepreneurs understand the essence of responsible business and importance of sustainable development. What is currently a topic of discussion will soon, as of year 2026, become an obligation, as everyone will be required to prepare and publish non-financial reports. Unfortunately, the state of knowledge about sustainability among micro, small and medium-sized entrepreneurs is extremely limited, and that with the current state of knowledge non-financial reporting will be impossible.
Therefore, the challenge before organizations supporting SMEs is to reach out to those smallest and larger ones that constitute the strength of the Polish economy (99% of the percentage of registered companies) and provide them with basic knowledge and examples of good practice, so that they understand the essence of the issue and fully consciously carry out the tasks imposed by the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive.
Keywords: small business, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), non-financial reporting.
JEL Codes: M14
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a12
Wojciech Charemza
Vistula University
Carlos Díaz Vela
University of Leicester
Svetlana Makarova
University College London
Inflation targeting and probability forecasting
Summary
Issues related to the classification, interpretation, and estimation of inflationary uncertainties are addressed in the context of their application for constructing probability forecasts of inflation under inflationary targeting. It is shown that confusions in defining uncertainties lead to potential misunderstandings of such forecasts. The principal source of such confusion is ignoring the effect of feedback from the policy action undertaken on the basis of forecasts of inflation onto uncertainties. To resolve this problem, we apply the weighted skew-normal distribution for the estimation of the feedback-free inflation uncertainties. It has been used for analysing empirical distributions of multi-step inflation forecast errors obtained for 38 OECD countries. Results confirm its applicability and lead to constructive conclusions regarding the strength and asymmetry of monetary policy and, consequently, to proposing a new way of constructing probability forecasts (fan charts) for inflation-targeting countries.
Keywords: inflation forecasting, inflation targeting, uncertainty, monetary policy, skew-normal distributions.
JEL codes: C54, E37, E58
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a13
Ryszard Michalski
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Poland’s monetary policy in the years 2022-2023 – reaching inflationary plateau or higher levels of prices?
Summary
The article aims to analyse the functioning of Polish monetary policy in the years 2022-2023 under high inflation. The policy wasn’t sufficiently effective at combatting strong inflationary pressure coming both from internal and external sources. It brought significant benefits to the government, which was able to increase its tax revenue and reduce the cost of servicing the public debt. The question arises whether Poland’s monetary authorities were fulfilling their constitutional mandate because the Polish zloty was losing its purchasing power at home and relative to foreign currencies. For years the main problem of Poland's monetary policy is the over-liquidity of the banking system, which negatively impacts NBP's ability to use its monetary instruments and decreases importance of conducted policy.. Resolving these dilemmas would require not only institutional changes, but also a re-evaluation of the policy concept.
Key words: monetary policy, inflation, interest rate and exchange rate policies, over-liquidity of the banking sector, public debt.
JEL Codes: E44, E51, F34, F36, G01, G28
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a14
Zbigniew Zimny
Vistula University
The Polish paradox: thriving FDI under populist government
Summary
The objective is to examine the impact of Poland’s populist government on inward FDI performance. At the outset the government declared that Poland would rely more on domestic capital and pursued less-friendly FDI policy than all preceding governments since the fall of Communism. FDI climate deteriorated, resulting in Poland’s slipping positions in the rankings of institutional determinants of FDI. This, however, defying the theory and findings of empirical research, did not result in weaker FDI performance over time and vis a vis Poland’s key competitors for FDI in the first term of populists (2016-2019). In the second term FDI performance significantly improved and FDI inflows in 2021-2022 reached record levels never seen before. The paper offers an explanation of these unexpected developments, including, among others, double-edged FDI policy, favorable external economic circumstances, and geopolitical developments, which have altered host country’s FDI determinants, favoring countries such as Poland.
Key words: populist government, foreign direct investment, multinational enterprises, institutions and FDI, populism and FDI.
JEL Codes: F21, F23, F52, O25, O43
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a15
Sebastian Płóciennik
Akademia Biznesu i Finansów Vistula
The economic dimension of the Zeitenwende: the crisis of public goods and the change of the German model as a result of the war in Ukraine
Summary
After the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, Germany announced the Zeitenwende paradigm—a profound change in the environment for the functioning of the state and economy due to new threats and geopolitical tensions. In economic terms, it can be described as a supply shock of two public goods—security and the global economic exchange space. The German economic system was particularly vulnerable to their potential deficit due to military dependence on the USA, energy dependence on Russia, and trade dependence on China. The reaction to Zeitenwende has just begun, but emerging changes in German economic policy can already be identified. Germany has decided to create a new fund for financing the army, increase interventionism, and adopt a more flexible approach to fiscal restrictions. Germany has also managed to diversify energy supply sources fairly quickly after imposing sanctions on Russia and to initiate a shift in its approach to relations with China. Reactions to Zeitenwende may trigger deeper institutional changes in Germany's capitalism—especially in the fiscal sphere and the export-based development model.
Keywords: Germany, Zeitenwende, globalization, foreign trade, energy.
JEL Codes: P00
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a16
Mirosław Bojańczyk
Vistula University
US PUBLIC DEBT - whether the debt is getting out of control?
Summary
Public debt has been growing rapidly in many countries in recent years. This is possible, among others: thanks to the rapid development of financial markets. Rapidly developing financial institutions and new financial instruments have made it much easier to finance public debt. The key question here is whether the debt in many countries is not too high or whether it has gotten out of control. According to Wagner's law, nothing bad happens in the economy when the debt increases in proportion to the GDP growth rate of a given country. The analyzes conducted in the article showed that in the USA in the years 1990-2022 the public debt increased much faster than the GDP growth. What's worse, it grew quickly even in years when GDP was falling. The very high level of debt poses an increasing threat to the stability of the global economy. In conditions of high inflation, the cost of servicing public debt increases rapidly. The US has been heavily indebted in recent years, but the cost of financing its debt was relatively low due to having an international currency. It won't be so good in other countries.
Keywords: public debt, GDP growth, Wagner’s law.
JEL Codes: A19
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a17
Grzegorz Mathea
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
The status of the Irish border in the light of the agreements between the European Union and the United Kingdom in the context of the Irish Protocol and the Windsor Format
Summary
This article presents analysys of the negotiations related to Great Britain's exit from the European Union, which directly concerned the Irish border. It is also intended to present the mechanisms used in the legal regulations determining the status of the Irish border and, de facto, the whole of Northern Ireland. The decision taken by the British in the referendum of June 23, 2016 had a significant impact on the status of the Irish border and constituted most serious threat to the peace process in Northern Ireland since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. The fate of the peace process absolutely depends on the success of the solutions adopted during the negotiations between Great Britain and the European Commission.
Keywords: Ireland, Northern Ireland, Ulster, Brexit, European Commission, Great Britain, United Kingdom.
JEL Codes: F5, H7, N4
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a18
Magdalena El Ghamari
Collegium Civitas
Post Daesh Libya: Challenges of internal security policy
Summary
This article examines the challenges of internal security policy in Libya during the post-Daesh era from 2019 to 2021. It explores the impact of Daesh's presence, political fragmentation, and external interventions on Libya's security landscape. The study employs a multifaceted approach, integrating theoretical frameworks such as security dilemma theory, state failure theory, human security approach, complex systems theory, and critical security studies. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of scholarly literature and primary data sources, including official statements, the research analyzes the interplay between internal divisions, terrorism, migration, and governance challenges in shaping security policy. The findings highlight the need for holistic strategies addressing the root causes of insecurity, strengthening governance, and fostering regional cooperation. The study underscores the importance of governance reforms, disarmament initiatives, and inclusive political dialogue to build a sustainable peace framework in Libya.
Keywords: Daesh (Islamic State) in Libya; Political instability; Security policy; Libyan Political Dialogue Forum; Government of National Unity (GNU); Government of National Accord (GNA), the Libyan National Army (LNA).
JEL Codes: K14, Z12, Z19
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a19
Zbigniew Romek
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Circumstances of the liquidation (disbandment) of the 1st Warsaw Mechanized Division named after Tadeusz Kościuszko
Summary
The article answers the question in what circumstances and for what reasons the Polish government decided in 2010 to liquidate the 1st. Warsaw Mechanized Division named Tadeusz Kościuszko. When we joined NATO in 1999, only 17% of our army met the standards applicable in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In addition, the process of creating a professional army began, which always involved reducing the number of soldiers.
However, the basic factor in the decision to liquidate the division was an overly optimistic assessment of the international situation by NATO's political bodies and the economic cooperation with Russia undertaken by several European Union countries. Germany, France, and other Western countries thought that thanks to shared financial gains, Moscow would abandon its imperial policy and not threaten its neighbors, NATO countries and world peace.
Keywords: liquidation of the 1st Warsaw Mechanized Division named after T. Kościuszko, professionalization of the Polish army, economic contacts of the European Union with Russia, ignoring Moscow's imperial tendencies.
JEL Codes: M21, O16
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0423.a20
No. 3(76)/2023
Michalina Mróz
University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow
Jakub Boratyn
University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow
Student self-assessment of entrepreneurial potential and the decision to start a business
Summary
This article explores the self-assessment of entrepreneurial potential among students, particularly in the context of a post-pandemic world that has seen changes in the labor market and a rise in global uncertainty about employment. In response to these shifts, students are increasingly recognizing the importance of an entrepreneurial mindset, self-reliance and optimize their potential to start their own businesses and thereby achieve greater employment-related independence. The study uses empirical data from a survey conducted on a sample of 1,526 students which is 29.8% of all students at the University of Information Technology and Management (UITM) in Rzeszow. This research sample is representative and comparable across various educational study paths offered in both in Polish and English.
The article emphasizes the importance of setting up new businesses, including online ventures, and at the same time underscores the importance of basic knowledge in the formal and legal aspects of entrepreneurship. These aspects include understanding the forms of legal organization of the enterprises, methods of tax settlement and potential forms of financial support from external entities. The article identifies a gap in the current educational offer, pointing out the necessity for specialized knowledge related not only in starting but also in managing a business effectively.
The study verifies two research hypotheses. Firstly, it reveals that only a limited number of students use their entrepreneurial potential by planning to start new businesses. Secondly, the study finds no significant difference in self-assessment of entrepreneurial potential across genders, indicating a uniform perception of entrepreneurial capabilities among male na female respondents.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial management, business management, leadership, entrepreneurship, business, individual potential.
JEL Codes: J16, L26
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a01
Dorota Gizicka
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Shaping the Social Personality of Young People in the Digital Era. An Outline of the Problem
Summary
Young people function in two worlds, the real and the virtual. The impact of digital media is very significant. However, significant people and authorities must play an important role in the process of growing up. Despite their strong anchoring in the virtual world, young people feel the need for social relationships. They need good role models, inspiring conversations, listening skills and strong reference points. The article attempts to outline several perspectives and problems in the subject area. The personality of the significant other is important in implementing the idea of positively creating good role models among young people. Its influence can be decisive for a young person’s entire life.
Keywords: society, significant person, maturing of a person.
JEL Codes: I23, Z13
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a02
Artur Kwasek
Uczelnia Techniczno-Handlowa w Warszawie
Maria Kocot
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Analysis of students' attitudes and expectations in the light of own research
Summary
The aim of the article was to analyse the attitudes and expectations of Polish universities towards the educational offer of universities. The article presents the results of the survey conducted in May 2022. The research sample consisted of 1018 students from various Polish universities. The conducted research made it possible to present students' expectations related to the beginning of studies, as well as to specify the issues that determined the choice of the university and fields of study. Weaknesses of the educational offer were also outlined. The acquired knowledge can significantly improve the educational offer, eliminate its shortcomings, and contribute to meeting students' expectations.
Keywords: e-learning, students, university, teaching, Covid-19.
JEL Codes: O10
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a03
Małgorzata Laskowska
Instytut Edukacji Medialnej i Dziennikarstwa
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Ethical Competence: Teaching Model According to the National Communication Association
Summary
Ethical competence is now, not only in the media but in every workplace, a particularly valuable skill. It is acquired or refined, among other ways, during education, such as in communication ethics classes. Therefore, the research objective was to determine the teaching model of communication ethics according to the American association, the National Communication Association. This teaching model was identified based on descriptions of communication ethics courses available on the association's website. Research questions included, among others, What teaching model of communication ethics is promoted by the National Communication Association? What topics are addressed in the teaching of communication ethics? One of the research hypotheses is: Teaching communication ethics according to the National Communication Association is universal, suitable not only for journalists but also for other professions. The content analysis method was employed in the study. The obtained results can contribute to international educational exchange in improving both formal and informal teaching of communication and media ethics.
Keywords: ethical competence, communication ethics, National Communication Association, journalism education, teaching ethics.
JEL Codes: Y90
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a04
Małgorzata Gosek
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
Andrzej Adamski
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
MEDIA LITERACY IN THE EDUCATIONAL POLICY OF STATE INSTITUTIONS AND THE ACTIVITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN POLAND
Summary
In an era of accelerating development of artificial intelligence and intensifying negative effects of the media on children and adolescents, media literacy education tailored to the new challenges is becoming increasingly important. This article aims to answer the question of how state institutions in Poland carry out the task of media education, particularly aimed at children and adolescents. The goal will be achieved by analyzing the educational policy of state institutions - that is, the minister responsible for education in Poland and the National Broadcasting Council. The authors will also briefly refer to the activities of non-governmental organizations involved in media literacy. The issues discussed in the article were developed based on the analysis of documents, legal acts and literature on the subject. First, the role of the Ministry in charge of education issues is outlined (depending on the historical period, it had different names and responsibilities) and the conclusions of the analysis of legal documents regulating media education of students and teachers are presented. Next, the role of the National Broadcasting Council (KRRiT) in media education was outlined. In the next step, the NGOs' activities and selected media education projects were discussed. Finally, the conclusions of the collected analysis and the revised purpose of the article were summarized.
Keywords: media literacy, National Broadcasting Council, Ministry of Education.
JEL Codes: H75, I28
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a05
Justyna Berniak-Woźny
Tischner European University
Małgorzata Wejsis-Gołębiak
University of Information Technology and Management
Business Diplomacy: A Bibliometric Analysis and Pathways for Future Research
Summary
Business diplomacy acts as a strategic instrument for corporations navigating the intricacies of the global business landscape. This involves establishing, maintaining, and navigating relationships with external organizations and internal stakeholders to achieve business goals and positively influence the business environment. This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the field of business diplomacy, aiming to unravel its structure, dynamics, and trends. Three research questions guide the exploration: RQ1. What is the structure of research on business diplomacy? RQ2. What are the dynamics and significant activities within business diplomacy? RQ3. What are the prospective research directions? The bibliometric analysis covered 74 publications extracted from the Scopus database. Employing a two-stage analysis with Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer, the study identifies key contributing countries, authors, sources, and critical themes within the field. Furthermore, a thorough examination of 10 publications, chosen through bibliographic coupling analysis, enhanced the results, identifying key research trends and insights, and contributing to an enriched understanding of the research area. The study concludes by proposing future research paths to guide practitioners and researchers contributing to the evolving landscape of business diplomacy.
Keywords: Business Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, Corporate Diplomacy, Bibliometric Analysis, Scientific Mapping, Research Agenda.
JEL Codes: F23, F50
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a06
Ludmiła Stemplewska
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Managing human capital through fear, a controversial path to short-term results
Summary
The aim of the article is to analyse and assess the effects of fear in the workplace by the human capital of enterprises and to present a "12-stage model eliminating fear from managing the development of human capital". Research results confirm that management by fear, although quite often effective in the short term, raises controversy, negative associations and destructive effects. This approach is based on the use of fear, pressure, manipulation and harsh methods to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals or the manager's private goal. Despite the potential benefits, such as immediate results, pilot studies have shown that the long-term consequences for the company and human capital are negative.
Keywords: fear management, model of eliminating fear from managing human capital development.
JEL Codes: M59
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a07
Jolanta Zombirt
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Public money and state aid for banks. Case of Carige Banca
Summary
The main aim of this paper is to clarify circumstances where a member state could engage public money in rescue of ailing banks. It is explained that these funds cannot be directed to financial institutions that have financial problems because of their fault (ex. errors in management). They cannot neither be granted for institutions whose liquidation would not jeopardise the public interest. The main rules on rescuing banks are indicated that are embedded in the Directive on banks’ recovery and resolution.
Article provides examples when the state aid could be recognised by the European Commission as compliant with EU regulations. On the basis of information (mainly from the EC) analysis has been performed of cases when such rescue packages were accepted by the EC. It has been indicated that such acceptance was granted when a state acts according to market rules, i.e. when, for example, for a guarantee a state receives remuneration that would be accepted by a private investor.
A case of liquidated Carige Banca and efforts of the Italian government to rescue it have been described. Conclusions drawn on this base show that attempts of these activities are not always in line with EU regulations and that sometimes can be seen also in other member states.
Keywords: state aid for banks, state as a private market participant.
JEL Codes: G21
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a08
Filip Czepło
Polish Photovoltaic Installation
Piotr F. Borowski
Vistula University
Analysis of legal, political, social and technical aspects concerning enterprises in the energy sector in the era of low-emission economy
Summary
The conducted research using the desk research method aimed to provide a detailed analysis of legal and political aspects influencing the operations of businesses in the energy sector. The scope of the study also included an evaluation of the state's policies, the formation of public-private partnerships, and mobilization of both individual consumers and entrepreneurs towards actions for energy security and the pursuit of a low-emission economy.
The research results revealed that issues related to energy security, climate protection, and greenhouse gas emission reduction are influenced by various factors. A key conclusion is that effective actions in these areas depend not only on diverse structural elements but also on the collaboration between the government, businesses, and individual consumers. Both individual consumers and entrepreneurs play a crucial role in the transformation process towards a secure and low-emission economy.
Legal aspects, such as emission regulations and energy security standards, prove to be significant in shaping the behavior of businesses. The impact of government policies, especially through the establishment of public-private partnerships, can significantly influence the effective achievement of goals related to energy and environmental protection.
Keywords: energy companies, energy policy, emission reduction, energy policy, energy security, low-emission economy, photovoltaic farms.
JEL Codes: Q2, Q4
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a09
Jolanta Załęczny
Akademia im. Aleksandra Gieysztora w Pułtusku
(filia Akademii Finansów i Biznesu Vistula)
The power inherent in words on the example of Ignacy Jan Paderewski's speeches (case study)
Summary
Paderewski - an outstanding composer, pianist and politician - was also gifted as an orator. He expressed this in numerous speeches, consciously operating with a wealth of means of artistic expression. The essence of the article is to draw attention to the power of the verbal message, to its causal power in a specific situation. The analysis of content and form made it possible to indicate the means used by Paderewski to build the message and influence the emotions of the audience. Extended comparisons, vivid descriptions, sophisticated epithets stimulated the imagination and increased the expression of the text. The speaker operated with symbols, appealed to national consciousness. Not only with music, but also with words he built a bond with his listeners. Thanks to this, he went down in the memory of Poles, shaping national consciousness, awakening with words patriotism and spiritual bond with the revived homeland.
Keywords: Paderewski, national consciousness, speech, patriotism.
JEL Codes: Y90
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a10
Juliusz S. Tym
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
The image of the Army in the eyes of Poznań society in the first years of independence in documents of military provenance
Summary
The aim of the article is to show the image of the Army in the public perception of the Poznań garrison in the years 1919–1921, i.e. the first years of independence. The originality of the approach is narrowing the research area to documents of military provenance, because these issues are much easier to capture in military documents of territorial and garrison authorities than in the currently highly dispersed and incomplete civil documents of the Poznań city authorities. A positive image of the Army was created by the military authorities by organizing military ceremonies, participating in state and religious ceremonies, as well as many educational and cultural events. The military's participation in the celebrations attracted public attention, and the positive effect was reinforced by press articles. A negative image of the Army was created by soldiers breaking the rules of military discipline. The city's inhabitants reacted by submitting complaints to the city hall and the military authorities.
Keywords: Poznań, armed forces, society, image.
JEL Codes: N94
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a11
Sławomir Bylina
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
The phenomenon of migration of Poles in the face of the outbreak of the Second World War. Outline of the problem
Summary
The aim of the article is to present the research perspective on the phenomenon of migration at the beginning of the Second World War. The paper shows the search for definitions of migration in terms of the environment of origin, factors determining migration, voluntariness (legality), or aspects of migration duration (geographical-demographic, cultural-social, historical, ethical and axiological). The substantive part was divided into three main forms of migration, which, defined by the nature of migration, were divided into Russian deportations to the east, displacements by Germans to the west, and war refugees. The publication uses the historical method, as well as the method of analysis and synthesis of the content. As a result of establishing the main research directions, it was assumed that the directions of migration of Poles in particular directions of the world were signalled, divided into specific continents. Basic statistical data on the number and affiliation of the Polish society divided into military and civilians are also discussed.
Keywords: migration, deportation, resettlement, refugee, society, security, war.
JEL Codes: N94
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a12
Anna Grabowska-Siwiec
Badaczka niezależna
Information work of civilian counterintelligence in the second half of the 1980s and the political transformation in Poland
Summary
The aim of the article is to present the information work of civilian counterintelligence - Department II of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the second half of the 1980s and during the political transformation. A research hypothesis was formulated - the information work of counterintelligence was an important source of knowledge for decision-makers in power both at the end of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) and at the beginning of the Third Polish Republic (III RP). The article uses the method of analysing documents found in the resources of the IPN archives and analogous reasoning regarding the period of the first months of the UOP's activities. An important aspect of the presented analysis is the location of the subject matter and scope of information work of counterintelligence against the background of turbulent geopolitical events in the examined time period. The adopted methodology made it possible to identify: new topics not previously undertaken by counterintelligence, a new form of transmitted data, as well as attempts to adapt the forms of information work developed during the Polish People's Republic to the needs of new decision-makers in the Third Polish Republic.
Keywords: counterintelligence, information, decision-maker.
JEL Codes: K19
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0323.a13
Nr 2(75)/2023
Andrzej Doński
Instytut Ochrony Środowiska - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
EFFICIENCY ISSUES IN POLAND’S RESEARCH INSTITUTES
Summary
The article aimed to specify the complexity of assessing the management’s efficiency of research institutes in Poland, in the context of the implementation of tasks resulting from their principal and ancillary activities, as well as other assignments commissioned by public administration authorities. The author attempted to clarify the concept of efficiency by reviewing the subject literature, to find a standard unit to assess research institutes' activities in terms of efficiency. The analysis carried out based on a literature review, taking into account the complexity of duties of the research institutes, showed that there was no ultimate typology of efficiency, as research establishments have been set up to carry out a broad range of tasks of an economic, social and scientific nature. For that reason, efficiency can be only assessed against the priority, principal, and commissioned tasks implemented by each institute.
Keywords: efficiency, efficiency analysis, efficiency categories, research institutes.
JEL Codes: D21, H11, I23, D61
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0223.a01
Sławomir Lewandowski
Akademia im. Aleksandra Gieysztora w Pułtusku (filia Akademii Finansów i Biznesu Vistula)
A critical analysis of the relationship between humans and "thinking machines". Possible research questions in the context of institutional ethical interventions using the example of the European Union's "Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles"
Summary
The article proposes an analysis of ethical interventions made by European Union bodies in the form of ethical recommendations addressed to artificial intelligence (AI) developers – using the example of ‘Ethics of connected and automated vehicles’ issued by the European Commission. AI is a hitherto undefined precisely phenomenon involving automated data acquisition and processing. For the purposes of this article, AI is defined as a technology that enables machines to „learn from experience, adapt to new information and perform human-like tasks” (www16).
The proposed analysis would be semantic (examining the basic concepts used to justify interventions) and teleological (examining the intentions behind interventions). The recommendations addressed to AV developers and users, given the clearly defined scope included in the twenty theses, allow for a coherent analysis of the EU institutions attitude towards technology in its early stages of development.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicle, ethics.
JEL Codes: O38
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0223.a02
Maria Kocot
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Artur Kwasek
Uczelnia Techniczno-Handlowa w Warszawie
Determinants building trust among employees of the organization in the light of own research
Summary
Trust plays a huge role in all aspects of an organization's operation. Therefore, it is extremely important to build such trust among employees. The aim of the article is to analyze the determinants that build trust among employees of the organization. It was hypothesized that these determinants are commonly used by Polish organizations. To verify this hypothesis, in December 2022, surveys were conducted in accordance with the CAWI technique standards on a sample of 426 people. The conducted research showed that a number of factors are practiced in the workplace of the respondents that strengthen trust among employees of the organization. The most important of them are creating an atmosphere of trust and honesty, jointly discussing problems and concerns at regular meetings, developing an appropriate incentive system, and employee participation in managing the organization. Research has also shown that motivational factors play an important role in building trust among employees.
Keywords: trust, organization, employees, human resources, motivation.
JEL Codes: O10
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0223.a03
Patrycja Tyborowska
Akademia im. Aleksandra Gieysztora w Pułtusku (filia Akademii Finansów i Biznesu Vistula)
Analysis of political party programs as part of research on the origins of the right to public information, civil society and self-government in Poland
Summary
The study presents the results of an analysis of the programs of political parties in the 1997 parliamentary elections. The research of the archival materials collected in the Archives of Political Parties of the Polish Academy of Sciences was carried out in order to show whether the issues of access to public information, self-government and participation were an important element of the election programs. The article was divided into three main issues, however, each of them was discussed from two perspectives - legal-administrative and political-sociological. Such an assumption was aimed at comparing to what extent the formation of political party programs and the demands contained in them are due to legal-administrative requirements, and to what extent to the political and social situation of a country. The first part of the study was devoted to the essence of political party programs and their role in democratic states. The second part of the paper discusses the issue of civil society and access to information in election programs in the 1997 parliamentary elections. The last section of the paper, meanwhile, deals with the concept of self-government in the surveyed program documents.
Keywords: access to information, participation, election programs, programs of political parties.
JEL Codes: H7
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0223.a04
Milena Kindziuk
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate towards the war of the Russian Federation in Ukraine on the website of the Catholic Information Agency. Case study
Summary
The aim of the article is to determine the position of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP) towards the war of the Russian Federation in Ukraine on the website of the Catholic Information Agency (CIA) in the first year after the aggression on February 24, 2022. The research is a case study. The research method of qualitative content analysis and the press discourse analysis method were used. The analysis undertaken proved that the texts published on the CIA website between February 24, 2022 and February 24, 2023 clearly show that in fact the UOC-MP was still part of the Russian Orthodox Church in the first year of the war and in fact approved its support for Russian aggression and crimes committed in Ukraine. The ambiguous position and opportunism of Patriarch Onufriy were presented, the inconsistent attitude of the Council of the UOC-MP was also presented, and the disapproval of some bishops and clergy of the UOC-MP towards the war was shown, pointing to the split and identity crisis in the UOC-MP.
Keywords: Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP), Patriarch Onufriy, Catholic Information Agency, war in Ukraine.
JEL Codes: D74, Z12
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0223.a05
Małgorzata Smoleń-Bojańczyk
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Controversies related to fair value measurement
Summary
In a dynamic and turbulent economic environment, current, reliable, complete and credible information plays a particularly important role. The high quality of this information reduces the information asymmetry of its users. Task of accounting is to prepare and deliver such information to interested recipients.
There are a huge number of accounting regulations in modern accounting (various accounting standards). After each crisis, there is an increased tendency to introduce new regulations, but this does not solve the basic problems of ensuring good quality and reliable economic information. However, particular problems arise with the valuation of assets and liabilities based on estimated values, including the use of fair value measurement. This problem is so important, that it required the introduction of new international regulations in the field of accounting law. This article is an attempt to highlight the most important doubts related to the quality of financial information, in particular the application of the fair value method and its impact on the quality of financial information.
Keywords: asset and liability valuation, fair value, mark-to-market, financial reporting standards.
JEL Codes: A19
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0223.a06
Mirosław BOJAŃCZYK
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Valuation of the company's brand
Summary
In modern world, intangible assets play an increasingly important role. The value of the brand can be considered a key part of the intangible assets of each company. The article discusses problems related to the valuation of enterprise brands, with particular emphasis on Polish enterprises. It presents, among others the results of valuations over 200 enterprises according to own methodology.
The article presents own methodology of brand valuation, which includes using the DCF method based on analysis of financial reports, surveys and stock exchange data. The study emphasizes the complexity of the brand's valuation, especially in conditions of growing instability and high market variability.
The conducted research leads to the conclusion that there is no one brand valuation method that could be considered a method that allows for an objective valuation. It is possible to use various methods and various assumptions.
Keywords: brand valuation, intangible assets, goodwill valuation, value of Polish brands.
JEL Codes: A19
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0223.a07
No. 1(74)/2023
Aleksandra Tołczyk
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Joanna Sozańska
Instytut Bezpieczeństwa i Rozwoju Międzynarodowego
Translator/Interpreter as Cultural Mediator in Law Enforcement setting. Case of Muslim migrants - Police and Border Guard officers’ encounter in Poland
Summary
Translators’ and interpreters’ social and cultural competences allow them to discuss encounters between law enforcement officers and Muslims and point out the weaknesses in these relations. The aim of the article is to explore the role of interpreters and translators as (inter)cultural mediators in Police/Border Guards’ encounters with Muslims. The study used qualitative methodology and semi-structured individual interviewing with six translators/interpreters to derive answers to the following research questions: What roles do interpreters and translators play as (inter)cultural mediators? What additional tasks do they perform? What is the experience of the interpreters and the translators with assisting the Police and the Border Guard officers during interactions with the Muslim population? What is the impact of the anti-Muslim sentiment and officers’ attitudes towards Islam on these contacts from the perspective of the responders?
Keywords: Police, Border Guard, Muslims, translation, cultural mediation.
JEL Codes: K14, Z12, Z19
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0123.a01
Maria Kocot
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Artur Kwasek
Uczelnia Techniczno-Handlowa w Warszawie
Students' attitudes towards distance learning as a component of education 4.0
Summary
The article aimed to analyze students' attitudes towards distance learning as a component of education 4 0. The article presents the results of a survey conducted in 2021 at three universities:
Helena Chodkowska University of Technology and Economics (UTH) and Vistula University in Warsaw (VISTULA), WSB Universities (WSB). The research sample consisted of 383 students. Thanks to the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient, the relationship between satisfaction with distance learning and the effectiveness of the teaching process using distance learning was determined
The conducted considerations gave a picture of the most frequently used tools used during distance learning. They also made it possible to assess the degree of satisfaction with the effectiveness of remote learning and to change the preferences for conducting classes at universities. The conducted research showed that students positively assess the satisfaction and effectiveness of remote classes conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was confirmed by the Pearson correlation.
Keywords: remote learning, education 4.0, students, digitization.
JEL Codes: O10
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0123.a02
Daniel Matusiak
Uniwersytet SWPS w Warszawie
Michał Wenzel
Uniwersytet SWPS w Warszawie
The emergence of a rural social movement in the light of the resource mobilization theory. Spatial analysis
Summary
We analyse the activities of the Agrounia movement using the resource mobilization theory. Using Protest Event Analysis as research method we test the assumption that one of the main resources of rural social movements is the nature of leadership, and structural factors are an important constraint on resource mobilization. Geographical data on protests are processed on two levels of administrative divisions. Agrounia located its protests in locations with two features. First of all, they were important from the point of view of communication routes. Secondly, the participants, as a result of structural mobilization opportunities, live and work relatively close to the place of action.
Keywords: Agrounia, rural social movement, protest, geographical analysis.
JEL Codes: C31
DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0123.a03
Dariusz Faszcza
Akademia im. Aleksandra Gieysztora w Pułtusku
ESTABLISHMENT OF CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THE POLISH ARMY IN 1989–1997
Summary
The article discusses the process of creating political control over the Polish Army in the period from the designation of Tadeusz Mazowiecki to the position of Prime Minister in 1989 until the establishment of institutional and legal solutions in the form of the adoption of the Constitution in April 1997. Its key moments against the backdrop of events are indicated that were taking place in Poland at that time, with emphasis on how the aid was provided to the Polish authorities by external factors. This process was not without conflicts, and its completion was possible to a large extent thanks to the help provided by the governments of Western countries and Euro-Atlantic institutions.
Keywords: civilian control of the military, Polish Army, North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
JEL Codes: K19