Society and Politics

No. 4(85)/2025

Eryk Wiktor Anders 

Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula

Kinmenese Identity as the Last Bastion of the ROC’s Mainland Heritage

Summary

This article explores Kinmen’s (金門) unique position within contemporary political discourse and how Kinmenese identity serves as a living embodiment of the Republic of China’s (ROC, 中華民國) mainland heritage. National identity is a complex construct shaped by shared history, language, ethnicity, and political allegiance. Kinmen presents a distinctive case in which local identity has evolved into a unique ethno-political phenomenon. Rooted in a Han Chinese ethnic background and historical ties to Fujian Province (福建), Kinmen remains under the jurisdiction of the ROC, unlike the rest of Fujian, which is administered by the People’s Republic of China (PRC, 中華人民共和國). Although part of the ROC’s territory, Kinmen’s inhabitants typically exhibit a limited sense of connection to Taiwan (臺灣), the island to which the Republic’s government, led by the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, 中國國民黨), relocated after its defeat by Communist forces in 1949. Furthermore, Kinmen, once a militarized frontline during the Chinese Civil War, today demonstrates minimal support for the Democratic Progressive Party’s (DPP, 民主進步黨) pursuit of formal Taiwanese independence. In this context, Kinmen exemplifies a complex intersection of historical memory, Minnan culture, distinct political identity, and cross-strait geopolitics.

Key words: Kinmenese identity, Chinese Nationalist Party, Mainland heritage, Chinese Civil War.

JEL Codes: F5

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a01

Mikołaj Lisewski

Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu

Trump 2.0, or American Isolationism? Analyzing the US Foreign Policy During the Early Stages of the Trump Presidency

Summary

To what extent does Donald Trump’s foreign policy align with the paradigm of isolationism, and how does this alignment result in the weakening or abandonment of longstanding international alliances? This article analyzes shifts in U.S. foreign policy during the initial months of Donald Trump’s second presidential term. The starting point is the concept of isolationism, operationalized for the purposes of this study through Weberian ideal types, constructed as antinomic theoretical categories representing three key dimensions of foreign policy: multilateralism–unilateralism, alliance solidarity–erosion of alliance solidarity, and interventionism–disengagement. The case study confirms the emergence of isolationist tendencies. The findings indicate a structural transformation of the paradigm underpinning America's global engagement, revealing a shift toward a foreign policy based on short-term, subjective cost-benefit calculations.

Keywords: United States, Donald Trump, foreign affairs, isolationism, multilateralism, unilateralism.

JEL Codes: F5

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a02

Dariusz Socha

Wrocławska Akademia Biznesu w Naukach Stosowanych we Wrocławiu

Julia Michaluk

Wrocławska Akademia Biznesu w Naukach Stosowanych we Wrocławiu

THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING ON BODY IMAGE AND SELF-ACCEPTANCE – A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE

Summary

The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of advertising and the media on body image, self-acceptance, and mental well-being in the context of contemporary visual culture. Based on social psychology theories—social comparison, social identity, Higgins' concept of the “self,” and Bandura's social learning theory—the mechanisms shaping self-perception under the influence of media beauty standards are discussed. The method of analysis of the subject literature and empirical research results was used. The results indicate that exposure to idealized images in advertising and social media lowers self-esteem, increases body dissatisfaction, and increases the risk of mental disorders. The article emphasizes the importance of media education, critical thinking, and campaigns promoting diversity (#BodyPositive, Dove Real Beauty) as tools for strengthening self-acceptance and building a realistic body image. It also points to the need for media and advertising to take responsibility in shaping social norms of beauty.

Keywords: social psychology, body image, Social Identity Theory, Social Comparison Theory, image.

JEL Codes: Y9

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a03

Marta Moldovan-Cywińska

Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula

“Happening shock” as a form of surrealist-political activity of the Orange Alternative

This text is a contribution to the analysis of the Orange Alternative as a countercultural and artistic movement, with particular emphasis on its presence in three Polish cities: Wrocław, Łódź, and Lublin. A type of parallelism resulting from the tradition of comparative analysis has been proposed as an element of the analytical order, enriched with examples of activities and accounts of their course. The text does not aspire to be a “panoramic,” multidimensional analysis of the artistic and protest events organized by the leaders of the movement, but rather shows a certain unevenness and specificity that is important for each of the centers mentioned. It is part of a series devoted to a multidimensional analysis of the phenomenon of the artistic protest movement, inspired by the Dutch “kabouters” and French surrealism. The research hypotheses and conclusions are reflected in the table.

Keywords: locality - Wrocław - Orange Alternative - protest – happening – artiste.

JEL Codes: Z19

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a04

Tomasz Knecht

Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie

Between Memory and Strategy: Historical Policy in the Communicative Practice of Governments at the Beginning of the 21st Century

Summary

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the origins and modes of presence of the concept of “historical policy” in Polish political discourse at the beginning of the 21st century, with particular emphasis on its functioning in the prime ministers’ exposés from 2001 to 2014. The author raises questions about the moment when the term became widespread and its significance within governmental communication strategies. The study employs a semantic and politological analysis, examining the frequency and context of key terms such as “history,” “nation,” “identity,” and “patriotism.” One of the findings indicates that the term “historical policy” was first used in an official speech by a Polish prime minister only in 2006, and that its meaning evolved from a neutral element of political discourse into an ideological and identity-building tool. This fact supports the theses outlined in the introduction, according to which historical policy entered the sphere of strategic political communication of Polish parties only at the beginning of the 21st century.

Keywords: historical policy, history, exposé, communication, strategy, nation, government.

JEL Codes: D72, H11, N40, Z18

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a05

Katarzyna Kurzępa-Dedo,

Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie

Sylwia Banaś-Mazur,

Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie

Social responsibility of public administration in the context of sustainable development goals based on a study of selected public administration offices in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Summary

The aim of this article is to present the results of a study on the perception and implementation of the idea of social responsibility of public administration (SOA) in selected government and local government offices in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Their analysis was placed in the context of quality management standards and sustainable development goals. The theoretical part discusses the nature of social responsibility of public administration (SOA) and its relationship with corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the concept of sustainable development, as well as with the ISO 26000 standard. The analytical part presents the results of a pilot study entitled ‘Social responsibility of public administration at the regional and local level (pilot study in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship)’ in the subject area. The whole is concluded with a presentation of the key conclusions resulting from the analyses.

Keywords: corporate social responsibility (CSR), social responsibility of public administration (SOA), Sustainable Development Goals, management, ISO 26000 standard, ESG (Enviromental, Social, Governance).

JEL Codes: H83, M14, Q56

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a06

Paweł Trawicki

Uniwersytet Gdański

Volunteer Fire Brigades as a Partner of Local Government in Implementing Public Safety Tasks

Summary

Volunteer Fire Brigades (VFB) play a fundamental role in Poland’s public safety system. Their activities go beyond firefighting and include social, educational and cultural functions. Cooperation between VFB and local governments creates a unique model of public-social partnership based on mutual trust, responsibility and civic engagement. VFB serve as a bridge between state structures and civil society, implementing the principle of subsidiarity and strengthening community resilience to threats.

Keywords: public safety, local government, volunteer fire brigades, crisis management, public order, local community.

JEL Codes: H12, H84, K32

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a07

Igor Protasowicki

Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula

Cyber challenges for international organisations in the 21st century

Part 1: The impact of digitalisation on the evolution of cyberspace security

Summary

This text marks the beginning of a series of publications. Part one opens a two-part study on the cyber challenges facing international organisations; both parts form a coherent whole – part one focuses on answering the question of how digitalisation is transforming the agency of international organisations, while part two looks at the threats that arise from this. The aim of this study is to explain how system integration, distributed work and interoperability (taxonomies, TLP) are changing the decision-making processes and institutional arrangements of international organisations. The following research questions were posed: what compromises between data sovereignty and information sharing are feasible; how cyber diplomacy supports the coordination of responses. The research was conducted using the following methods: qualitative institutional analysis and a review of literature/solutions, with elements of an ICT implementation study. The article argues that cyberspace is becoming the infrastructure for the collective agency of international organisations and the basis for operational resilience.

Keywords: international organisations, cybersecurity, cyber diplomacy, resilience.

JEL Codes: Y9

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a08

Zbigniew Romek

Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula

Political correctness and history in the era of the Polish People's Republic and the Third Polish Republic

Summary

The article proposes an extension of the interpretation of the term "political correctness". The term, popular in the West, is associated with the affirmation of all minorities and with feminism. The author proposes that political correctness should also be understood as supporting the tendencies promoted by the currently operating political party. It examines how historical content is influenced by selected styles of political thinking. The analysis covers the period from 1944 to the present.

Keywords: political correctness, historical correctness, democratic opposition of 1970-1989, contemporary political parties.

JEL Codes: N4, N94

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a09

Barbara Kratiuk

Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula

Between the balance of power and the domino theory: The United States and the Vietnam War

Summary

The article analyzes how successive US administrations' belief in the domino theory and the need to maintain a global balance of power led to a gradual, multi-stage escalation of American involvement in Vietnam—from support for France to open warfare and large-scale military intervention. The author uses qualitative analysis of source materials (US government documents, statements by decision-makers, realist literature on the balance of power) to reconstruct the arguments of politicians and compares their predictions with the actual course of events. The main conclusions indicate that the domino theory—understood regionally, revolutionarily, and globally—primarily served as a political-psychological justification for interventionism, and its predictions only partially came true, while the defeat in Vietnam seriously undermined the credibility of the US and its ability to shape the international order. In practical terms, the text shows the risk of strategic decisions based on metaphors and systemic fears without empirical verification of scenarios, while in social terms, it shows the scale of costs incurred by the societies of the region and the impact of the war on the polarization of public opinion and the erosion of trust in the declared values of American policy.

Keywords: domino theory, balance of power, Vietnam, USA, Cold War; this article is a research article.

JEL Codes: Y9

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0425.a10

No. 3(84)/2025

 Andriy Blyznyukov

Warsaw School of Economics

HISTORY AND ADAPTATION OF BUSINESS MODELS OF COOPERATIVE BANKS TO THE CONDITIONS OF THE MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT. CASE OF POLAND

Summary

This research article explores the historical evolution and macroeconomic adaptation of cooperative banking business models, with particular emphasis on the Polish sector between 2010 and 2024. The primary objective is to examine how cooperative banks, rooted in mutualist traditions, have restructured their financial, operational, and institutional models in response to regulatory pressures, economic shifts, and systemic challenges. The central research question concerns the extent to which cooperative banks have preserved their distinct identity while meeting modern efficiency, solvency, and profitability standards. Employing a historical-institutional approach supported by longitudinal data analysis, the study demonstrates a multi-dimensional transformation involving capital strengthening, balance sheet expansion, improved operational efficiency, and strategic integration under Institutional Protection Schemes. The findings confirm that cooperative banks can remain viable financial actors when their legacy principles are pragmatically reinterpreted to address contemporary economic realities.

Keywords: cooperative banking, institutional adaptation, macroeconomic environment, financial transformation, Poland.

JEL Codes: E44, G21, L31, N23, P13

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0325.a01

Joanna Leska-Ślęzak

Uniwersytet Gdański

Relations between Poland and the Benelux countries – selected issues

Summary

The aim of this article is to provide a political science analysis of relations between Poland and the Benelux countries. Contacts between Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg (geographical location – the Netherlands) have a tradition dating back over 1,000 years, but it was only the division into three separate countries in the 19th century that led to a new era of international relations between these countries and Poland. The establishment of a customs union between the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg in 1944, as well as the creation of the Benelux Economic Union in 1958, influenced relations with Poland. In 1962, a trade agreement was concluded between Poland and the Benelux Economic Union. On November 25, 1971, a trade agreement for the years 1971-1972 was signed, and in 1972, an agreement on cultural cooperation was signed. In the 1990s, Poland signed agreements with Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. This was a period of preparation for Poland's accession to the European Union. Since 2001, Poland's foreign policy towards the Benelux countries has been conducted exclusively within the framework of the Visegrad Group.

Keywords: Benelux, Poland, international relations, foreign policy.

JEL Codes: O15, O24

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0325.a02

Kamil Mateusz Kuśmider

Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula

RUSSIAN AGGRESSION ON UKRAINE - CONSEQUENCES OF WAR REFUGEES MIGRATION TO POLAND

Summary

Following the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Poland emerged as the principal host country for Ukrainian refugees in search of shelter, security, and respite from the atrocities of war.

The primary objective of this article is to examine the processes of integration experienced by Ukrainian war refugees within Polish society after February 24, 2022, and to evaluate the socio-political and economic implications of this migration influx for the Polish state. The rapidly evolving migratory landscape in Poland—marked by a substantial and abrupt increase in immigration from Ukraine—has prompted the author to undertake an analytical exploration of the trajectories of contemporary Ukrainian migrants and the reconfiguration of their lives in a new national context.

The author aims to address the following research questions: What constitutes the sociological profile of the Ukrainian refugee? What policies and institutional frameworks has Poland implemented in response to the influx of Ukrainian nationals, and how effective have these been in fostering social cohesion and integration? What are the characteristics and implications of the growing phenomenon of Ukrainian entrepreneurship in Poland? What are the projected long-term consequences of war-related forced migration?

The working hypothesis of this study posits that Poland has implemented an effective and responsive policy toward war refugees, as evidenced by an extensive body of legal instruments and the provision of active, institutionalized assistance.

Keywords: socio-political consequences, Ukrainian refugees, social integration, explosive growth of immigration, Russian invasion of Ukraine, entrepreneurship phenomenon.

JEL Codes:  F22

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0325.a03

Aleksandra Gralczyk

Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie

Parents’ digital entanglement and prevention of children’s suicidal behaviours. Between the perception of online behaviour and the need for media education

Summary

Contemporary parenting is characterized by high level of digital entanglement, understood as high intrusion of digital technologies into daily functioning of families. Below article analyzes how parents’ digital entanglement affects their ability to effectively prevent sucidal behaviors in children. Systematic literature review as well as qualitative study using in-depth interview method revealed that parents’ digital practices and their level of competence in digital safety can both hinder and facilitate the recognition of disturbing and undesirable behaviors in children, including warning signs related to suicidal risk. The analysis revealed the need to improve parents’ digital competencies and to develop and implement specialized media education programs in schools aimed at preventing suicidal behaviors in context of digital media.

Key words: digital entanglement, media education, suicide prevention, digital parenting. 

JEL Codes: I00

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0325.a04

Maria Kocot

Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach

Artur Kwasek

Uczelnia Techniczno-Handlowa w Warszawie

Employees' Attitudes in Agile Organizations Towards the Dynamic Changes of Economy 5.0

Summary

The aim of the article is to present the attitudes of employees in agile organizations towards the challenges arising from the transformation towards Economy 5.0, with particular emphasis on their approach to innovation, engagement, organizational awareness, and the need for competence development. A quantitative approach was used in the study, based on a survey conducted in 2024 among a sample of 312 respondents employed in organizations that declare the use of agile management methods. To enable a deeper analysis of the relationships between variables, the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) method was applied. This allowed the identification of hidden patterns and connections between respondents’ answers and the analyzed areas. The results indicate a predominance of positive and proactive attitudes, especially in terms of engagement and awareness of undertaking actions important for the organization, while also revealing a diversity of approaches to creativity and competence development. A group of respondents displaying indecisive attitudes was also identified, which may indicate communication barriers or insufficient organizational support. The obtained results provide practical guidance for organizations implementing agile approaches in the context of Economy 5.0. At the same time, they highlight the need to support an innovation-oriented culture, flexibility, and internal dialogue. The value of the article lies in the combination of current management concepts with empirical analysis, which helps to better understand the mechanisms of employee adaptation to the changing economic and organizational environment.

Keywords: agile organization, employees, Economy 5.0, change, organization

JEL Codes: O10

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0325.a05

No. 2(83)/2025

Marek Rewizorski

Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie

Radosław Głód

Badacz niezależny

Opportunities and barriers to the development of Poland's nuclear sector management strategy

Summary

The aim of this article is a political-scientific analysis of the prospects for the development of nuclear energy in Poland from a strategic point of view, particularly identifying the main opportunities and barriers for the development of this sector. The opportunity seems to be access to technology from experienced partners, the reduction of CO₂ emissions, and above all, the possibility of increasing the country’s energy security. Barriers to the development of this sector include high investment costs, long project implementation cycles, a lack of experienced personnel, and legal-administrative challenges. Very important is over-political support for this project but also effective project coordination, and public education. For Poland, a country that has been struggling with the issue of high emissions and dependence on external energy suppliers for years, the development of nuclear energy appears to be a primary goal on which the development strategy of the Polish energy sector is based.

Keywords: Nuclear energy, Security, Governance, Polish Nuclear Power Program (PNPP).

JEL Codes: F50, P18, P48, Q01, Q48

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0225.a01

Renata Runiewicz

Uniwersytet WSB MERITO Warszawa

The project method as a teaching method introducing to work in the public management sector

Summary

The project method can be used as an base for professional work. It involves completing a task prepared by the teacher based on previously established assumptions. This is one of the teaching methods, usually classified as practical, not activating. Project management is particularly visible where there is a need to cut government spending and at the same time of keeping support of the infrastructure and economic development with the involvement of public service.

Keywords: project, management, cooperation with students.

JEL Codes: Y9

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0225.a02

Jolanta Zombirt

Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula

Risk mitigation in a securitisation process

Summary

The main aim of this article is to identify main types of risk that can be found in a securitisation process, what are the main features of this process and – most of all – how to mitigate some risks arising in the process from the investors’ point of view. Article rather does nor describe any benefits from securitisation for originators because it seems that it is widely recognised, known and commented. Despite it, still after the subprime crisis and subsequent ones a popularity of securitisation in Europe is modest. Perhaps it is, among others, a reason that services suppliers for securitisation should be entities with the high quality / rating what could upgrade a confidence for securitisation?

Keywords: securitisation, special purpose entity, service providers.

JELCodes: G21, G32

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0225.a03

Maciej Drabiński

Badacz niezależny

Prefigurative Politics in the Political Thought of Edward Abramowski

Summary

The aim of this article is to analyze the similarities between the strategy of social liberation proposed by Edward Abramowski and prefigurative politics. The thesis assumes that the strategy presented by Abramowski can be considered an expression of prefigurative politics, which was closely related to his undermining of cratocentrism. In this context, the aim of the article is to fill the research gap that has emerged in Polish political science with regard to prefigurative policies and, at the same time, to demonstrate that in Polish political thought at the turn of 19th and 20th centuries there was an ideologist who supported prefigurative politics and undermined cratocentrism. The text uses qualitative content analysis and comparative analysis.

Keywords: socialism, cooperatism, prefigurative politics, political thought,

JEL Codes: B14, D71, P31, P32, Z0

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0225.a04

Anna Gawrońska-Piotrowska

Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie

AUDIO BIBLE AS A MODERN FORM OF EVANGELIZATION. ANALYSIS OF THE TOPIC IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL MEDIA

Summary

This article analyzes the audio drama Audio Bible as a modern form of evangelization in the context of digital media. The aim of the research was to attempt to answer the question: Is the Audio Bible a modern tool for evangelization in the era of digital media, and if so, why? In order to answer this question, the following auxiliary questions were established: What is the content of the Audio Bible audio drama? How is the biblical message presented in it? What is the significance of the Audio Bible audio drama in the context of new evangelization in the era of digital media? In order to answer the research questions, the first part of the article defines the concept of evangelization and its characteristics in the context of digital media. Then, the Church's teaching on evangelization through audio forms is presented, and in the next part of the article, the content of the audio drama Biblia Audio is analyzed. In the final part, the data obtained from the analysis is synthesized and conclusions are presented. The research proves that the Audio Bible is a valuable and effective tool for modern evangelization, responding to the challenges of the contemporary digital world. Cognitive value: the study fills a cognitive gap, as until now there has been no research analysis of the Audio Bible radio play in the context of digital media.

Keywords: evangelization, audio, audio drama, Biblia Audio, digital media.

JEL Codes: Y9

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0225.a05

Milena Kindziuk

Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie

Peace as an important motif of Pope Leo XIV's communication in social media

Summary

Pope Leo XIV has his official profiles on two social networks: @Pontifex on platform X (53 million followers) and pontifex on Instagram (14 million). The article is to show what content related to the message of peace is contained in the Pope's messages in social media in the first two months of his pontificate. The analysis is based on the methods of qualitative and quantitative content analysis, the comparative method and the auxiliary method of discourse analysis. They showed that the number of posts promoting the idea of peace by the Pope is almost twice as high on platform X – it is 31 (29 % of all posts on X), while on Instagram there are 16 (22 % of all posts on Instagram). Leo XIV supported the nations affected by war and appealed for an end to conflicts. Through systematic, clearly thought-out communication activities, he also proved that he understands the important role of social media in promoting the idea of peace.

Keywords: peace, war, violence, Ukraine, Middle East, humanitarian aid, prayer for peace.

JEL Codes: H7, L82

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0225.a06

No.1(82)/ 2025

Bożena Radzewicz-Bąk

International Monetary Fund

DOLLARIZATION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF BUILDING ECONOMIC POLICY CREDIBILITY: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, TRADE-OFFS, AND SELECTED CASE STUDIES

Summary

This article examines the pros and cons of adopting official dollarization[1] as an instrument to build economic policy credibility, discusses the key preconditions for a transition, and outlines the operational considerations involved in implementing such a regime change in countries where policy credibility has been lost due to prolonged macroeconomic mismanagement. Drawing on the case studies of three countries (Ecuador, El Salvador, and Montenegro), the analysis presents diverse pathways toward full dollarization and explores the key rationale behind the decision to relinquish its monetary sovereignty to a trusted external authority. The findings suggest that the main motivation for such a regime shift has typically been the desire to import economic policy credibility, curb inflation, restore macroeconomic stability, and promote greater trade and investment. However, can these be considered entirely successful? The article underscores that while full dollarization can serve as an effective nominal anchor for the exchange rate and monetary policy, it is not a panacea for economic challenges. Rather, it should be seen as a policy framework that, while offering certain advantages, also entails significant costs and constraints, including the loss of independent monetary policy, increased vulnerability to external shocks, and the need to maintain a tight fiscal stance. Consequently, the decision to adopt official dollarization should be preceded by a thorough assessment of the country’s initial preconditions, including its suitability as an Optimal Currency Area and its institutional capacity to implement and manage such transition effectively. Equally important is the unequivocal commitment of public authorities to uphold long-term fiscal discipline and conduct predictable, responsible economic policy in the post-dollarization period.

Keywords: official dollarization, exchange rate regimes, hyperinflation, public debt crises, financial crises, Optimal Currency Area (OCA), monetary policy credibility, macroeconomic stabilization.

JEL Codes: E00

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0125.a01

Dariusz Socha

Wrocławska Akademia Biznesu w Naukach Stosowanych we Wrocławiu

Norbert Ćwikowski

Wrocławska Akademia Biznesu w Naukach Stosowanych we Wrocławiu

OPINIONS OF STUDENTS OF THE WROCŁAW BUSINESS ACADEMY ON THREATS, BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES IN ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT – A CASE STUDY

Summary

The article presents an analysis of perceived risks, benefits and challenges related to business management from the perspective of students of Wrocław Academy of Business (WAB). The study aims to investigate the views of future entrepreneurs and managers on the most important elements of running a business, including entrepreneurial characteristics, motivations, perceived barriers and market uncertainty. The study was conducted using a quantitative survey method, with a special focus on the ranking and classification of key business factors. The results emphasize the importance that students attach to autonomy, creativity and risk awareness, and identify capital shortages, legal ambiguities and financial instability as the main obstacles. This study contributes to filling the research gap in understanding the perception of entrepreneurship among young adults and offers practical implications for business education and training.

Keywords: business management, student perception, entrepreneurship, risks, benefits, challenges.

JEL Codes: M00

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0125.a02

Maria Kocot

Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach

Determinants of implementing industry 5.0 principles in an agile organization in light of own research

Summary

The aim of the article is to identify the key determinants of implementing the principles of Industry 5.0 in agile organizations and to analyze the factors influencing the effectiveness of this process. The study focuses on technological, organizational, and social aspects, including access to modern technologies, innovation culture, workplace flexibility, artificial intelligence integration, openness to change, digital competencies, ecological business approach, and interdepartmental collaboration. A survey method was used, conducted among 303 respondents between April and May 2023. The obtained results were analyzed using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), allowing for the identification of patterns and relationships between specific determinants. The findings indicate that organizational flexibility, an innovation culture, and the development of digital competencies are key factors supporting the effective implementation of Industry 5.0 principles, while resistance to change and limited acceptance of artificial intelligence pose significant barriers. It was also noted that sustainable development and interdepartmental collaboration require additional educational and promotional activities to increase their importance in transformational processes. The study provides added value by highlighting practical challenges faced by organizations and offering recommendations on change management strategies and digital transformation in the context of Industry 5.0. The results may serve as a foundation for businesses striving for effective adaptation to new market conditions and for further research on organizational agility in the future economy.

Keywords: Industry 5.0, agile organization, MCA analysis, enterprise, survey.

JEL Codes: O10

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0125.a03

Eliza Nowacka

Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula

Sustainable Development, CSR, ESG - definition, implementation practice and conclusions for the public sector

Summary

Corporate Social Responsibility is defined since 1953 as the activity of enterprises taking into account the aspects of responsibility of the activities undertaken by enterprises in social and environmental issues. Originally voluntary philanthropy, it has gradually evolved into an activity that companies must undertake in accordance with the legal regulations set by the European Union. CSR activities are undertaken for various reasons, some of them are based on the values of the owners or managers who want to involve the company in the implementation of the sustainable development goals, other companies take responsible actions or communicate about taking responsible actions, in the spirit of building the image of a responsible company, and still other companies take actions in the spirit of social responsibility, because they have been forced to do so by legal norms. Sustainable Development is a commitment defined by the UN to the rational satisfaction of human needs, a commitment that applies to countries and at the business level is implemented through, among others, CSR. This chapter presents the basic assumptions of Sustainable Development and CSR and discusses the ESG ratio as a continuation of CSR activities. Next, the chapter defines the phenomenon of socially irresponsible business and black CSR, presenting the practices that will tone down enterprises as part of such activities. In the next part, the author cites examples of specific companies that prepare CSR reports and at the same time apply practices in the field of corporate social irresponsibility. Citing the motives and practices of CSR, is aimed at formulating conclusions for the public sector.

Keywords: Sustainable Development Corporate, Social Responsibility, black CSR, corporate social irresponsibility, impact of the public sector on CSR.

JEL Codes: H10, H83, M14

DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0125.a04

Oliwier Taraszkiewicz

Politechnika Gdańska

The Influence of Wine in Diplomatic Etiquette: Between Politics, Economics, and Culture

Summary
Wine has played a significant role in diplomacy over the centuries, serving symbolic, political, and cultural functions. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was regarded as a prestigious element and also formed part of political gatherings. During the medieval period, wine played an important role in religious ceremonies and was present at royal courts. In the 19th century, under the influence of Congress of Vienna, wine culture became an integral part of diplomatic practices. The modern diplomatic protocol incorporates wine into ceremonies, toasts, and the selection of beverages, which plays a crucial role in the context of shaping national image. As a form of soft power, wine contributes to building mutual understanding and projecting cultural values. Knowledge of wine has become a valuable asset for diplomats, and its selection and presence impact not only diplomatic interactions but also broader interstate relations, strengthening ties between countries. This article examines how wine connects politics, economics, and culture by analysing both historical and contemporary examples of its use in diplomacy. The methodology applied is based on the analysis of historical sources, diplomatic etiquette, and contemporary practices. The research reveals that wine remains a key element in the diplomatic landscape, playing an essential role in shaping relationships between diplomats.

Keywords: international relations, diplomatic protocol, diplomatic etiquette, cultural diplomacy, wine.

JEL Codes: F50, N40, Z10

 DOI: doi.org/10.34765/sp.0125.a05